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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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1.9K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Initialization-Free Multilevel States Driven by Spin-Orbit Torque Switching.

Kuo-Feng Huang1, Ding-Shuo Wang1, Ming-Han Tsai1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, ROC.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multilevel storage is achieved in cobalt/platinum multilayers using spin-orbit torque switching. Writing pulse conditions control magnetization states, enabling higher-density memory without initialization.

Keywords:
Co/Pt multilayersinitialization-freemultilevelspin-orbit torque

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching is a promising technology for advanced magnetic memory devices.
  • Multilevel storage, storing more than one bit per memory cell, is crucial for increasing data storage density.
  • Engineering magnetic multilayers is key to developing novel memory functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate multilevel storage in Co/Pt multilayers using spin-orbit torque switching.
  • To investigate the control of magnetization states by modulating writing pulse conditions.
  • To advance spin-orbit-torque magnetic random access memory (SOT-MRAM) for higher storage density.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering multidomain formation in Cobalt/Platinum (Co/Pt) multilayers.
  • Utilizing spin-orbit torque switching mechanisms.
  • Modulating writing pulse conditions to control magnetization states.

Main Results:

  • Achieved multilevel storage by engineering multidomain formation in Co/Pt multilayers.
  • Demonstrated control over final magnetization states, independent of initial configurations, by modulating writing pulse conditions.
  • Showcased initialization-free multilevel memory operation.

Conclusions:

  • Multilevel storage is feasible in Co/Pt multilayers via spin-orbit torque switching.
  • Precise control of writing pulses enables robust multilevel memory operation.
  • This initialization-free approach significantly advances SOT-MRAM towards higher storage densities for practical applications.