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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile01:25

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Understanding serum lipids is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke.
Serum lipids are fats and fatty substances in the blood and are crucial for various bodily functions, including energy storage, cellular structure, and hormone production. Serum lipids consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Could high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predict increased cardiovascular risk?

Tae Ik Chang1, Elani Streja, Hamid Moradi

  • 1aHarold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA bDepartment of Internal Medicine, NHIS Medical Center, Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea cDepartment of Medicine, Long Beach Veteran Affairs Health System, Long Beach, California, USA.

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High-density lipoprotein (HDL) may paradoxically increase cardiovascular disease risk when dysfunctional. Its protective effects depend on quality, not just quantity, necessitating a holistic view in future research.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Lipid Metabolism

Background:

  • Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is traditionally viewed as cardioprotective.
  • Emerging evidence suggests HDL can become dysfunctional and pro-inflammatory, increasing cardiovascular disease risk.
  • This review examines mechanisms of HDL atherogenicity and clinical evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline potential mechanisms by which HDL becomes atherogenic.
  • To summarize clinical evidence regarding dysfunctional HDL and cardiovascular disease.
  • To highlight the importance of HDL quality beyond its concentration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HDL metabolism, structure, and function.
  • Analysis of clinical studies investigating HDL properties and cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Synthesis of evidence on oxidative stress, inflammation, and HDL dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • HDL metabolism, structure, and function are altered by oxidative stress and inflammation.
  • These alterations impair reverse cholesterol transport and promote endothelial dysfunction.
  • Dysfunctional HDL contributes to atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • The association between HDL cholesterol levels and outcomes is influenced by HDL particle properties.
  • Future research must consider HDL metabolism complexity and particle quality.
  • A comprehensive assessment of HDL (quantity and properties) is crucial for understanding atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk.