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Updated: Mar 8, 2026
Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
Published on: November 23, 2019
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Acute Scaphoid Fracture Displacement: Proximal Extension Deformity of the Scaphoid
Yonatan Schwarcz1, Yael Schwarcz, Eran Peleg
11Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel 2School of Engineering and Computer Science, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 3University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Background:
Our goal was to analyze the movement of acute scaphoid waist fracture fragments and adjacent bones in a common coordinate system. Our hypothesis was that the distal scaphoid fragment flexes and pronates and the proximal fragment extends.
Methods:
Computed tomography (CT) scans of patients diagnosed with an acute scaphoid waist fracture were evaluated using a 3-dimensional (3D) model. The scans of 57 nondisplaced and 23 displaced fractures were compared with a control group of 27 scans showing no pathological involvement of the wrist. Three anatomical landmarks were labeled on the distal and proximal fragments of the scaphoid, the lunate, and the trapezium. Each set of labels formed a triangle representing the bone or fragment. Four landmarks were labeled on the distal radial articular surface and used to create a common coordinate system. The position of each bone or fragment was calculated in reference to these coordinates.
Results:
The displaced fracture group showed significant extension, supination, and volar translation of the proximal scaphoid fragment when compared with the other groups. The lunate tended toward a supinated position, which was not statistically significant. The distal scaphoid fragment and the trapezium showed no movement.
Conclusions:
In acute displaced scaphoid fractures, it is the proximal fragment that displaces and should be reduced.
Clinical Relevance:
The typical "humpback" deformity is actually a "proximal extension" deformity, the consequence of displacement of the proximal fragment of the scaphoid (with the lunate). Manipulating only the proximal fragment (with the lunate) may be technically easier and more effective than manipulating both fragments.
