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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

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Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
313
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

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Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients,...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Particle Templated Emulsification enables Microfluidic-Free Droplet Assays
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Good to the last "emulsified" drop.

Cesar M Castro1

  • 1Cancer Center/Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Science Translational Medicine
|January 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Graphical coding advances droplet microfluidics by encapsulating nanoliter droplets in solid polymer shells. This novel approach enhances control and applications in microfluidic systems.

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Microfluidics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Droplet microfluidics enables precise manipulation of small fluid volumes.
  • Encapsulation techniques are crucial for droplet stability and handling.
  • Current methods face challenges in scalability and integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for encapsulating nanoliter droplets.
  • To integrate graphical coding with droplet microfluidics for advanced control.
  • To enhance the stability and utility of microfluidic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Nanoliter scale droplets were synthesized and encapsulated within solid Poly(Ethylene-co-Tetrafluoroethylene) (PEFE) polymer shells.
  • Graphical coding techniques were employed to control droplet generation and manipulation.

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  • Characterization of encapsulated droplets and their behavior within microfluidic devices.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully encapsulated nanoliter droplets in stable PEFE polymer shells.
    • Demonstrated precise control over droplet movement and merging using graphical coding.
    • Achieved enhanced droplet stability compared to conventional methods.

    Conclusions:

    • The combination of PEFE encapsulation and graphical coding offers a significant advancement in droplet microfluidics.
    • This technique provides a robust platform for complex microfluidic operations.
    • Potential applications include high-throughput screening, diagnostics, and materials synthesis.