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Related Concept Videos

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Compact Bone01:27

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Low trabecular bone density in recent sedentary modern humans.

Habiba Chirchir1,2, Christopher B Ruff3, Juho-Antti Junno4

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, 25755.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|January 20, 2017
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Sedentary lifestyles significantly reduce bone volume fraction (BVF) across limb articulations. Bone density declines are more uniform in the lower limb compared to the upper limb in active versus sedentary Holocene populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Biomechanics
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Bone volume fraction (BVF) is influenced by physical activity levels.
  • Previous research suggests lower BVF in sedentary agriculturalists compared to foragers.
  • The extent and uniformity of BVF differences across various limb articulations remain unclear.

Observation:

  • BVF was measured in seven lower and upper limb articulations from five Holocene populations representing diverse subsistence strategies.
  • Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used for BVF estimation.
  • Populations ranged from foragers to horticulturalists and industrial societies.

Findings:

  • Active populations exhibited significantly higher BVF than sedentary groups across most limb elements.
  • Sedentary groups showed similar, lower BVF in the lower limb.
  • Upper limb articulations displayed greater variation in BVF among sedentary groups.

Implications:

  • The adoption of agriculture and industrialization correlates with reduced BVF in modern humans due to decreased activity.
  • Specific behavioral shifts, particularly affecting the upper limb, also contribute to observed BVF patterns.
  • Understanding these patterns provides insights into human skeletal adaptation to changing lifestyles.