Ultrafast Dischargeable LiMn₂O₄ Thin-Film Electrodes with Pseudocapacitive Properties for Microbatteries

LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) thin films are deposited on Si-based substrates with Pt current collector via multi-layer pulsed-laser-deposition technique. The LMO thin films feature unique kinetics that yield outstanding electrochemical cycling performance in an aqueous environment. At extremely high current densities of up to 1880 μA cm^-2 (≈ 348 C), a reversible capacity of 2.6 μAh cm^-2 is reached. Furthermore, the electrochemical cycling remains very stable for over 3500 cycles with a remarkable capacity retention of 99.996% per cycle. We provide evidence of significant nondiffusion-controlled, pseudocapacitive-like storage contribution of the LMO electrode.