S, N-Co-Doped Graphene-Nickel Cobalt Sulfide Aerogel: Improved Energy Storage and Electrocatalytic Performance

Metal sulfides are commonly used in energy storage and electrocatalysts due to their redox centers and active sites. Most literature reports show that their performance decreases significantly caused by oxidation in alkaline electrolyte during electrochemical testing. Herein, S and N co-doped graphene-based nickel cobalt sulfide aerogels are synthesized for use as rechargeable alkaline battery electrodes and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. Notably, this system shows improved cyclability due to the stabilization effect of the S and N co-doped graphene aerogel (SNGA). This reduces the rate of oxidation and the decay of electronic conductivity of the metal sulfides materials in alkaline electrolyte, i.e., the capacity decrease of CoNi₂S₄/SNGA is 4.2% for 10 000 cycles in a three-electrode test; the current retention of 88.6% for Co-S/SNGA after 12 000 s current-time chronoamperometric response in the ORR test is higher than corresponding Co-S nanoparticles and Co-S/non-doped graphene aerogels. Importantly, the results here confirm that the Ni-Co-S ternary materials behave as an electrode for rechargeable alkaline batteries rather than supercapacitors electrodes in three-electrode test as commonly described and accepted in the literature. Furthermore, formulas to evaluate the performance of hybrid battery devices are specified.