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Area of Science:

  • Demography
  • Sociology
  • U.S. Census Research

Background:

  • Individual race and Hispanic origin identification is often treated as static in population studies.
  • This overlooks the dynamic nature of self-identification over time and across contexts.
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for accurate demographic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze patterns and directions of individual-level race and Hispanic origin response changes.
  • To quantify the extent of these changes using linked U.S. Census data.
  • To inform researchers about the implications of dynamic self-identification in their analyses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized internal U.S. Census Bureau data linking individual responses from the 2000 and 2010 censuses.
  • Analyzed a dataset of approximately 162 million individuals.
  • Examined changes in race and Hispanic origin responses across various demographic groups.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 6.1% (9.8 million people) reported a different race and/or Hispanic origin in 2010 compared to 2000.
  • Response changes were most common among American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander, multiple-race, and Hispanic individuals.
  • Non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian responses were generally consistent, as were Hispanic/non-Hispanic ethnicity responses, though with notable exceptions.

Conclusions:

  • Significant population "churn" in race and Hispanic origin responses exists, often masked by cross-sectional data.
  • Response changes occur across all ages, sexes, regions, and response modes, with variations by race/ethnicity.
  • Researchers must account for the implications of race and Hispanic origin response change in study design and interpretation.