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Related Concept Videos

Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

11.9K
Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

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The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing,...
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Competition02:34

Competition

25.2K
When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies
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Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Published on: November 8, 2018

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Selfing, Local Mate Competition, and Reinforcement.

Mark D Rausher

    The American Naturalist
    |January 21, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Reinforcement aids speciation by strengthening reproductive isolation. The evolution of selfing syndromes in plants, particularly reduced pollen production, significantly enhances the conditions favoring reinforcement, especially with pollen discounting.

    Keywords:
    gene flowinbreeding depressionpollen discountingselfing syndromespeciation

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    Observation and Quantification of Mating Behavior in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Speciation
    • Population Genetics

    Background:

    • Reinforcement, the evolution of reproductive isolation driven by selection against hybrids, is a key mechanism in speciation.
    • Theoretical and empirical studies suggest reinforcement is a common evolutionary process.
    • The diverse biological scenarios leading to reduced hybrid fitness, which drives reinforcement, are not fully understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the evolution of the 'selfing syndrome' in highly selfing plant species as a driver of reinforcement.
    • To determine the conditions under which the selfing syndrome facilitates reinforcement in outcrossing species experiencing gene flow from selfing species.

    Main Methods:

    • A four-locus genetic model was employed, incorporating discrimination, target-of-discrimination, pollen-production, and selfing-rate loci.
    • The model analyzed the impact of linkage disequilibrium and pollen discounting on reinforcement.

    Main Results:

    • Reinforcement occurs under limited parameter combinations without linkage or pollen discounting.
    • Moderate linkage between loci can moderately increase the likelihood of reinforcement.
    • Pollen discounting substantially increases the parameter space conducive to reinforcement, especially when associated with reduced pollen production.

    Conclusions:

    • The evolution of the selfing syndrome, characterized by reduced pollen production, can significantly facilitate reinforcement.
    • Pollen discounting associated with selfing is a critical factor promoting reinforcement.
    • Understanding selfing syndromes provides insight into the diversity of pathways leading to reproductive isolation and speciation.