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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Tumor evolution: Linear, branching, neutral or punctuated?

Alexander Davis1, Ruli Gao2, Nicholas Navin3

  • 1Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews on Cancer
|January 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding cancer

Keywords:
Cancer biologyCancer genomicsGenome evolutionIntratumor heterogeneitySingle cell genomicsTumor evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is common in human cancers.
  • Limited longitudinal sampling hinders understanding of cancer evolution.
  • Current models of tumor evolution (linear, branching, neutral, punctuated) are inferred from single time-point data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the emergence of genetic diversity in tumors over time.
  • To discuss challenges in studying tumor evolution and implications of different evolutionary models.
  • To explore the theory of monoclonal origin for most human tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and data on intratumor heterogeneity and cancer evolution.
  • Analysis of competing models of tumor evolution based on inferred data.
  • Discussion of emerging evidence on dynamic evolutionary models and clonal selection.

Main Results:

  • Most studies infer tumor evolution from limited, single time-point samples.
  • Different evolutionary models (linear, branching, neutral, punctuated) have distinct implications for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
  • Evidence suggests evolutionary models can change during tumor progression or vary for different mutation types.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the temporal dynamics of cancer evolution.
  • Understanding tumor evolution is critical for developing effective cancer therapies.
  • The monoclonal origin of most human tumors is a supported theory.