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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

1.0K
Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

1.8K
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

3.2K
There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
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Operating Modes and Cooling Capabilities of the 3-Stage ADR Developed for the Soft-X-ray Spectrometer Instrument on

Peter J Shirron1, Mark O Kimball1, Bryan L James1

  • 1NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.

Cryogenics
|January 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A novel 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) cools x-ray microcalorimeters to 50 mK for the Astro-H mission. Its flexible cryogenic system enhances reliability against component failures.

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Area of Science:

  • Cryogenics
  • Astrophysics instrumentation

Background:

  • The Soft X-ray Spectrometer on Astro-H requires ultra-low temperatures for its x-ray microcalorimeter array.
  • Achieving and maintaining millikelvin temperatures is critical for sensitive x-ray detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the design, operation, and performance of a 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR).
  • To evaluate the ADR's integration into the Astro-H mission's cryogenic system.
  • To demonstrate the ADR's capability to cool x-ray microcalorimeters to 50 mK.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 3-stage ADR coupled with a cryogenic system including a superfluid helium tank, Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler, and Stirling cryocoolers.
  • Configured the ADR to accept heat from either the liquid helium or the JT cryocooler for enhanced system resilience.
  • Integrated and characterized the flight detector assembly, ADR, and dewar.

Main Results:

  • Successfully cooled a 6x6 array of x-ray microcalorimeters to 50 mK.
  • Demonstrated the ADR's operational flexibility and performance across various modes.
  • Validated the cryogenic system's robustness and tolerance to component variations.

Conclusions:

  • The 3-stage ADR is a reliable and effective cooling solution for the Soft X-ray Spectrometer on Astro-H.
  • The flexible heat sink configuration provides significant fault tolerance for the cryogenic system.
  • The system is ready for flight operations based on extensive characterization and calibration.