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Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...

Birth Control Methods

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...

Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Uterine Tubes

Uterine Tubes

The uterine or fallopian tubes function as the conduit through which oocytes travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Each fallopian tube measures approximately 10 to 13 cm long and is anatomically divided into the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and interstitial part (or intramural segment). The infundibulum is characterized by its funnel shape and features extensions called fimbriae which reach towards the peritoneal cavity. These fimbriae play a critical role during ovulation as they extend...

In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

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Published on: January 22, 2022

Surgery for tubal infertility.

Su Jen Chua¹, Valentine A Akande², Ben Willem J Mol³

¹The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, SA5005.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

|January 24, 2017

Summary

The effectiveness of tubal surgery for infertility is unknown due to a lack of high-quality studies. More research is needed to compare surgery with in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and expectant management.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Surgical Interventions
Infertility Treatments

Background:

Tubal infertility surgery is an option, but its effectiveness compared to IVF or no treatment is not well-established.
Livebirth rates after surgery vary widely based on disease severity, but rigorous comparative data is lacking.
Concerns about surgical complications, costs, and alternatives like IVF necessitate evaluating surgical effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the effectiveness and safety of tubal surgery versus expectant management or IVF for improving livebirth rates in tubal infertility.
To assess treatment outcomes regardless of the severity of tubal damage.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was planned.
Searched multiple databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, Embase, etc.) and trial registries up to October 2016.
Primary outcome: livebirth rate; secondary outcomes: pregnancy and adverse event rates.

Main Results:

No suitable randomized controlled trials were identified for inclusion in the review.
The lack of RCTs means no direct comparison data exists from this search.

Conclusions:

The comparative effectiveness of tubal surgery versus expectant management and IVF for tubal infertility remains unknown.
Large, adequately powered trials are required to establish surgical effectiveness, comparing livebirth rates, adverse effects, and costs.
Future research should consider factors like tubal damage severity, surgical techniques, female age, and infertility duration.