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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Published on: April 23, 2019

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Seeing how we smell.

Helene Benveniste, Yuri Lazebnik, Nora D Volkow

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |January 24, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers identified a novel radiotracer, [11C]GV1-57, that specifically labels olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). This breakthrough could enable advanced brain imaging and the development of new tracers for other neuron types.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

    Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Medical Imaging
    • Radiochemistry

    Background:

    • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) enables noninvasive in vivo imaging of biological processes.
    • A key limitation in brain PET studies is the scarcity of radiotracers for specific neuronal and glial cell types.
    • Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are crucial for the sense of smell.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and characterize a novel radiotracer for specifically labeling olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs).
    • To assess the potential of [11C]GV1-57 as a tool for visualizing and studying OSNs.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and characterization of the novel radiotracer [11C]GV1-57.
    • Evaluation of the tracer's specificity for olfactory sensory neurons in preclinical models.
    • Assessment of the tracer's utility for PET imaging.

    Main Results:

    • The radiotracer [11C]GV1-57 demonstrated specific labeling of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs).
    • This tracer shows promise for visualizing and characterizing OSNs.

    Conclusions:

    • [11C]GV1-57 represents a significant advancement in developing cell-specific PET radiotracers for neuroscience.
    • This tracer could serve as a prototype for future radiotracers targeting other neuronal populations.
    • Further validation is needed to confirm specificity and explore broader applications in brain imaging.