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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

Published on: February 8, 2018

An inhibitory pull-push circuit in frontal cortex.

Pablo Garcia-Junco-Clemente^1,2, Taruna Ikrar³, Elaine Tring¹

¹Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Nature Neuroscience

|January 24, 2017

Summary

Researchers discovered a novel inhibitory circuit in the frontal cortex involving vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) interneurons. This circuit inverts the typical excitatory push-pull computation, influencing pyramidal neurons during arousal.

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Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cortical Circuits
Inhibitory Interneurons

Background:

Excitatory cortical circuits commonly employ a push-pull computation.
The role of inhibitory interneurons in frontal cortex computations during arousal is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize novel inhibitory circuits in the frontal cortex.
To investigate the computational mechanisms underlying arousal's influence on cortical excitatory neurons.

Main Methods:

Electrophysiological recordings in frontal cortex.
Identification of specific interneuron populations, including vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing cells.
Analysis of neural circuit dynamics during different behavioral states.

Main Results:

A pull-push inhibitory circuit originating from VIP interneurons was identified in the frontal cortex.
VIP interneurons directly inhibit pyramidal neurons during arousal.
VIP interneurons indirectly excite pyramidal neurons through disinhibition during arousal.

Conclusions:

Arousal induces a feedback pull-push influence on excitatory neurons via VIP interneurons.
This mechanism represents an inversion of the canonical feedforward push-pull computation.
The findings reveal a novel inhibitory circuit modulating cortical activity during arousal.