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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition
Published on: February 8, 2018
An inhibitory pull-push circuit in frontal cortex
Pablo Garcia-Junco-Clemente1,2, Taruna Ikrar3, Elaine Tring1
1Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Abstract:
Push-pull is a canonical computation of excitatory cortical circuits. By contrast, we identify a pull-push inhibitory circuit in frontal cortex that originates in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons. During arousal, VIP cells rapidly and directly inhibit pyramidal neurons; VIP cells also indirectly excite these pyramidal neurons via parallel disinhibition. Thus, arousal exerts a feedback pull-push influence on excitatory neurons-an inversion of the canonical push-pull of feedforward input.
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