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The validity of verbal protocols.

J E Russo, E J Johnson, D L Stephens

    Memory & Cognition
    |November 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Concurrent think-aloud protocols can affect task accuracy and response times, challenging existing theories. Retrospective protocols often lead to memory errors, highlighting the need for empirical validation of data collection methods.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Research Methodology

    Background:

    • Verbal protocols are common methods for studying cognitive processes.
    • Concurrent (think-aloud) and retrospective protocols are widely used.
    • Theories by Ericsson & Simon (1984) guide protocol generation assumptions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the reactivity of concurrent "think aloud" protocols.
    • To assess the veridicality of different retrospective protocols.
    • To evaluate the impact of protocol methods on task performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Four distinct tasks were employed to test protocol methods.
    • Concurrent "think aloud" protocols were generated during task completion.
    • Retrospective protocols were used to recall task performance.

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  • Accuracy and response times were measured.

    • Main Results:

    • Concurrent protocols altered accuracy in simple addition and gamble choice tasks.
    • Response times were generally prolonged by concurrent protocols.
    • Retrospective protocols resulted in significant forgetting or fabrication across all tasks.
    • Findings partially challenge the dominant theory of protocol generation.

    Conclusions:

    • Protocol validity requires empirical verification, not just theoretical assumptions.
    • Concurrent protocol use can influence cognitive processes and outcomes.
    • Retrospective protocols demonstrate inherent limitations in data accuracy.