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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.8K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
16.8K
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
9.8K
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

5.2K
Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
5.2K
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

18.9K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
18.9K
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Bivalent Histone Modifications and Development.

Feifei Li1,2, Mian Wan1,2, Binpeng Zhang1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy
|January 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Bivalent histone modifications, involving H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, are crucial epigenetic regulators that poise genes for cell differentiation during development. This balance ensures proper stem cell development and lineage commitment.

Keywords:
ESCs differentiationH3K27me3H3K4me3bivalent markdevelopmentorganogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Development is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, with bivalent histone modifications emerging as key pretranscriptional regulators.
  • Bivalency, the co-occurrence of opposing histone marks like H3K4me3 (activation) and H3K27me3 (repression) at gene promoters, is critical for cell fate determination and differentiation.
  • These modifications influence chromatin architecture, dictating gene transcription states as poised, activated, or repressed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and assess the literature on the developmental roles and underlying mechanisms of bivalent histone modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review
  • Rigorous assessment of existing research on bivalent histone modifications and their role in development.

Main Results:

  • Bivalent histone modifications poise genes for activation during lineage commitment (H3K4me3) while repressing pluripotency genes (H3K27me3), maintaining stemness.
  • Upon receiving developmental signals, the balance shifts, transitioning poised genes to activated or repressed states, initiating differentiation.
  • This dynamic regulation drives irreversible differentiation procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Bivalent histone modifications and associated complexes are essential for robust and accurate stem cell differentiation.
  • These epigenetic marks play a vital role in safeguarding proper developmental processes.