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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Reprogramming Methods Do Not Affect Gene Expression Profile of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Marta Trevisan1, Giovanna Desole2, Giulia Costanzi3

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy. marta.trevisan@unipd.it.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using retroviral, episomal, or Sendai virus vectors yields equivalent cell lines. These diverse reprogramming methods do not impact the pluripotency or gene expression profiles of the resulting human iPSCs.

Keywords:
Sendai virus vectorepisomal vectorgene expressioninduced pluripotent stem cellsreprogramming methodretroviral vector

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Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP
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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated from adult somatic cells, offering a valuable tool in regenerative medicine.
  • While Yamanaka's initial method used retroviral vectors, alternative strategies have emerged to improve iPSC generation efficiency and safety.
  • A key question is whether different reprogramming techniques affect the fundamental properties of the derived iPSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficiency and resulting characteristics of human iPSCs derived via three distinct reprogramming methods: retroviral vectors, episomal vectors, and Sendai virus vectors.
  • To investigate if the reprogramming strategy influences the pluripotency features and gene expression profiles of the generated iPSC lines.

Main Methods:

  • Human fibroblasts were reprogrammed into iPSCs using retroviral vectors, episomal vectors, and Sendai virus vectors.
  • Reprogramming efficiency was assessed for each method.
  • Derived iPSC clones were characterized for pluripotency markers (alkaline phosphatase, stemness genes) and differentiation potential (three germ layers via embryoid body assay).
  • Microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expression profiles.

Main Results:

  • Episomal and Sendai virus vector methods demonstrated higher reprogramming efficiency compared to the retroviral vector approach.
  • All generated human iPSC clones exhibited characteristic pluripotency markers and differentiation capabilities across the three germ layers, irrespective of the reprogramming method used.
  • Microarray analysis revealed consistent stem cell gene expression profiles across all iPSC lines, with no significant differences attributable to the reprogramming strategy.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of reprogramming method (retroviral, episomal, or Sendai virus vectors) does not affect the fundamental pluripotency or gene expression profile of the derived human iPSCs.
  • All three methods are considered equivalent in their ability to generate functional human iPSCs with stable stem cell characteristics.
  • This finding supports the flexibility in choosing reprogramming techniques based on specific experimental needs without compromising cell quality.