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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Astrovirus Pathogenesis.

Cydney Johnson1, Virginia Hargest2,3, Valerie Cortez4

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Cydney.Johnson@stjude.org.

Viruses
|January 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human astroviruses cause diarrhea, particularly in vulnerable populations. This review covers current knowledge of astrovirus pathogenesis and suggests future research directions, including new models.

Keywords:
animal modelsastroviruscell culturepathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Astroviruses are a significant cause of diarrhea in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
  • The Astroviridae family includes multiple human astrovirus (HAstV) clades and diverse mammalian/avian genotypes.
  • Despite extensive classification, the pathogenesis of astrovirus infections remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of knowledge regarding astrovirus pathogenesis.
  • To identify critical research areas and necessary advancements for understanding astrovirus disease.
  • To highlight the need for improved experimental systems, such as cell culture and animal models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing astrovirus research.
  • Analysis of current understanding of astrovirus-host interactions.
  • Identification of gaps in knowledge concerning astrovirus disease mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Astrovirus infections are a substantial global health concern, especially for specific demographic groups.
  • The diversity within the Astroviridae family complicates a unified understanding of pathogenesis.
  • Current research has not fully elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying astrovirus-induced illness.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into astrovirus pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective interventions.
  • The development and implementation of robust animal models and cell culture systems are essential for advancing the field.
  • Addressing knowledge gaps in astrovirus pathogenesis will aid in mitigating disease burden in at-risk populations.