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The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
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The nervous system, responsible for sensing, integrating, and responding to various stimuli, is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two functional divisions: the sensory or afferent division and the motor or efferent division.
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Brainstem and Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction: A Neurosurgical Point of View.

A Martín-Gallego1, L González-García2, A Carrasco-Brenes2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Avenida Carlos Haya s/n, 29010, Málaga, Spain. alvaro1710@hotmail.com.

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Central autonomic control, primarily in the brainstem, can be disrupted by neurosurgical issues, leading to central dysautonomia. This review explores the central autonomic nervous system and its relation to neurosurgery.

Keywords:
Autonomic nervous systemBrainstemDysautonomiaNeurosurgeryTumors

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Central autonomic control nuclei are primarily located in the brainstem, particularly the medulla oblongata.
  • Damage to these structures, through tumors, surgery, or other neurosurgical pathologies, can result in central dysautonomia.
  • Central dysautonomia can manifest as clinical or subclinical autonomic complications, posing significant clinical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the central autonomic nervous system (CANS).
  • To explore potential dysfunctions of the CANS.
  • To elucidate the relationship between neurosurgery and the CANS, often referred to as a "not-well-known system".

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of the central autonomic nervous system.
  • Analysis of neurosurgical pathologies affecting autonomic control.
  • Presentation of preliminary results from an ongoing autonomic study focusing on brainstem lesions.

Main Results:

  • Brainstem lesions, often resulting from neurosurgical interventions, can significantly impact central autonomic control.
  • Autonomic dysfunction is a recognized complication of various neurosurgical conditions and procedures.
  • Preliminary data suggests a correlation between specific brainstem lesions and autonomic disturbances.

Conclusions:

  • The central autonomic nervous system is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and is vulnerable to neurosurgical insults.
  • Understanding the interplay between neurosurgery and the CANS is essential for managing patients with brainstem pathologies.
  • Further research, including ongoing studies on brainstem lesions, is needed to fully characterize and address central dysautonomia in neurosurgical contexts.