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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
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Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.
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Methodological Study to Develop Standard Operational Protocol on Oral Drug Administration for Children.

Sunil Kumar Bijarania1, Sushma Kumari Saini2, Sanjay Verma3

  • 1National Institute of Nursing Education, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, # 169, Sector 15 'A', Chandigarh, 160015, India. sunnniii@yahoo.com.

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A new standard operational protocol (SOP) and checklist for oral drug administration in children were developed. These tools are valid, reliable, and recommended for improving pediatric medication safety.

Keywords:
CVIDelphi-techniqueFGDSOP

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nursing
  • Pharmacology
  • Healthcare Quality Improvement

Background:

  • Standardized protocols are crucial for safe medication administration.
  • Oral drug administration in children requires specific considerations.
  • Existing practices may lack uniformity, impacting patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a Standard Operational Protocol (SOP) for oral drug administration in pediatric patients.
  • To create a checklist for assessing the implementation of the developed SOP.
  • To ensure the validity and reliability of the developed protocol and checklist.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective methodological study involving literature review, focus group discussions, and Delphi technique with 12 experts.
  • Content validity assessed using the Delphi technique, with four drafts and modifications.
  • Pilot study and observation of 30 pediatric oral drug administrations to ensure checklist reliability.
  • Focus group discussions with bedside nurses to evaluate SOP effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • The developed SOP and checklist achieved a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 99.77%.
  • Standardized Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, indicating high reliability.
  • Bedside nurses found the SOP to be useful in practice.

Conclusions:

  • A valid and feasible SOP for oral drug administration in children was successfully developed.
  • A valid and reliable checklist for assessing SOP implementation was created.
  • The developed SOP and checklist are recommended for use in pediatric drug administration.