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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

12.4K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

139.5K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
139.5K
Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport01:19

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport

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Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process that utilizes human Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters. These transporters bind to the drug, undergo structural...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

17.3K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
17.3K
Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

203.3K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

2.5K
Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles
13:16

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Published on: December 31, 2019

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A general method for determining secondary active transporter substrate stoichiometry.

Gabriel A Fitzgerald1, Christopher Mulligan1, Joseph A Mindell1

  • 1Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.

Elife
|January 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to measure ion transport stoichiometry in secondary active transporters. This technique uses radiolabeled substrate flux assays to determine how many ions are coupled to substrate transport, aiding in understanding transporter mechanisms.

Keywords:
biochemistrybiophysicselectrogenicstoichiometrystructural biologytransporter

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Membrane Transport

Background:

  • Secondary active transporters utilize ion gradients to move substrates across membranes.
  • Understanding ion coupling stoichiometry is crucial for elucidating transporter mechanisms and physiological roles.
  • Stoichiometry is well-characterized for mammalian transporters but less so for prokaryotic counterparts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a general method for determining the coupling stoichiometry of electrogenic secondary active transporters.
  • To apply this method to prokaryotic transporters, particularly those with available high-resolution structures.
  • To provide a tool for probing transporter mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstitution of electrogenic secondary active transporters into proteoliposomes.
  • Utilizing radiolabeled substrate flux assays.
  • Measuring transporter equilibrium potentials to determine coupling stoichiometry.

Main Results:

  • A novel method for determining coupling stoichiometry using flux assays and equilibrium potentials was established.
  • The coupling stoichiometry of VcINDY (a bacterial Na+-coupled succinate transporter) was determined.
  • The method was validated by confirming the stoichiometry of vSGLT (a bacterial sugar transporter).

Conclusions:

  • The developed thermodynamic method is robust and effective for measuring transporter coupling stoichiometry.
  • This approach facilitates the study of prokaryotic transporters, especially those with known structures.
  • The method offers new insights into the mechanisms of secondary active transport.