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Related Concept Videos

Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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Channel Rhodopsins01:11

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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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A diode is reverse-biased when the positive terminal of an external voltage source is connected to the n-type material and the negative terminal to the p-type material. This configuration opposes the natural direction of current flow through the diode, effectively increasing the width of the depletion region and the barrier potential. The reverse bias condition produces a minimal leakage current, primarily due to minority charge carriers. This leakage becomes significant when the reverse...
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Related Experiment Video

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Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics
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Riboswitch-Based Reversible Dual Color Sensor.

Svetlana V Harbaugh1,2, Michael S Goodson1,3, Kateri Dillon1

  • 1711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|January 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel dual-color biosensor that always fluoresces, changing color to indicate the presence of specific analytes. This innovative system enhances cell-based sensing by allowing continuous monitoring of biosensor activity and analyte detection.

Keywords:
biosensordual-color detectionrecombinaseriboswitch

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Riboswitches are RNA sensors regulating gene expression via structural changes.
  • Current reporter systems only signal analyte presence, hindering biosensor viability assessment.
  • A need exists for continuous, color-coded biosensors for real-world applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a dual-color reporter system for cell-based analyte detection.
  • To enable continuous monitoring of biosensor activity and analyte presence.
  • To create a resettable and reusable cell-based sensing platform.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered a dual-color reporter using E. coli fimbriae phase variation elements.
  • Integrated a synthetic riboswitch controlling recombinase expression (FimE).
  • Utilized an invertible DNA segment (fimS) to switch between green (GFPa1) and red (mKate2) fluorescent proteins.

Main Results:

  • Developed a system where analyte presence triggers FimE-mediated inversion, switching fluorescence from green to red.
  • Successfully demonstrated analyte detection using theophylline, ammeline, pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) responsive riboswitches.
  • Showcased system reversibility using HbiF recombinase, enabling a resettable sensor.

Conclusions:

  • The recombinase-based dual-color reporter provides a robust, always-on fluorescent signal.
  • The system allows for continuous monitoring of biosensor status and analyte detection.
  • This adaptable platform is suitable for diverse synthetic riboswitches and reusable cell-based sensing.