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Current meningitis outbreak in Ghana: Historical perspectives and the importance of diagnostics
Alexander Kwarteng1, John Amuasi2, Augustina Annan3
1Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University Science & Technology, PMB, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.
Abstract:
Bacterial meningitis continues to be one of the most dreaded infections in sub-Saharan Africa and other countries that fall in the "meningitis belt" due to recurrent nature of the infection and the sequel of deliberating effects among survivors even after treatment. Ghana has had recurrent epidemics in the past but has been free from high mortality levels. Whereas reasons for the low reported number of deaths in the past are unclear, we hypothesize that it may be due to increased vaccination from expanded program on immunization (EPI) and consequent herd immunity of the general population. As at the end of February, 2016, 100 individuals were reported to have died out of 500 recorded cases. The infection may cause severe brain damage and kills at least 1 out of 10 individuals if quick interventions are not provided. The Ghana Health Service (GHS) and the Ministry of Health (MoH), together with other local and international stakeholders are working intensely to control the spread of the infection in affected communities with treatment and other health management programmes. This review presents a quick overview of meningitis in Ghana with emphasis on S. pneumoniae (responsible for about 70% of cases in the recent epidemic) together with some recommendations aimed at ensuring a "meningitis-free Ghana".
Insights
Bacterial meningitis remains a severe threat in Ghana, with recent outbreaks causing significant mortality. Increased vaccination and herd immunity may be contributing to lower death rates, but continued public health efforts are crucial.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Bacterial meningitis is a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa's "meningitis belt," characterized by recurrent outbreaks and severe sequelae.
- Ghana has experienced meningitis epidemics but historically reported lower mortality rates, with the reasons for this being unclear.
- Recent data indicates a concerning rise in cases and deaths, with Streptococcus pneumoniae identified as the primary pathogen responsible for approximately 70% of recent cases.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an overview of bacterial meningitis in Ghana, focusing on the recent epidemic.
- To discuss the potential role of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and herd immunity in mitigating mortality.
- To propose recommendations for achieving a "meningitis-free Ghana."
Main Methods:
- This study is a review of existing data and public health reports on bacterial meningitis in Ghana.
- It analyzes reported cases and mortality figures from recent outbreaks.
- Emphasis is placed on the epidemiological characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.
Main Results:
- As of February 2016, Ghana recorded 500 cases of bacterial meningitis, resulting in 100 deaths.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified as the predominant causative agent, accounting for about 70% of cases in the recent epidemic.
- The review hypothesizes that increased vaccination coverage through the EPI program may have contributed to herd immunity, potentially influencing past mortality levels.
Conclusions:
- Bacterial meningitis, particularly pneumococcal meningitis, continues to pose a substantial threat in Ghana.
- Swift medical interventions are critical to prevent severe outcomes, including brain damage and death, as at least 1 in 10 individuals may succumb to the infection.
- Continued collaboration between the Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, and stakeholders is essential for implementing effective control strategies and recommendations to achieve meningitis control.
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