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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control
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Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control

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Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control.

Kaoru Takakusaki1

  • 1The Research Center for Brain Function and Medical Engineering, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.

Journal of Movement Disorders
|January 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study explores the brain

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Posture-gait control relies on multi-sensory integration.
  • Automatic gait involves brainstem and spinal cord pathways.
  • Cognitive processes are crucial for adaptable posture-gait control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the functional neuroanatomy of posture-gait control.
  • To differentiate automatic and cognitive aspects of posture-gait regulation.
  • To understand the neural basis of posture-gait disturbances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroanatomical pathways involved in posture-gait.
  • Analysis of sensory integration in motor control.
  • Examination of cognitive contributions to postural stability.
Keywords:
Multisensory informationParkinson’s disease.body schemamidbrain locomotor regionmotor programsreticulospinal system

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Related Experiment Videos

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Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control
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Postural Organization of Gait Initiation for Biomechanical Analysis Using Force Platform Recordings
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Main Results:

  • Reticulospinal pathways and spinal locomotor networks mediate automatic gait.
  • Temporoparietal cortex generates cognitive information for posture and motor programs.
  • Basal ganglia and cerebellum modulate both automatic and cognitive posture-gait processes.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptable posture-gait control integrates automatic and cognitive neural processes.
  • Cognitive impairments affecting the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, or cerebellum can lead to gait disturbances and falls.
  • Understanding these neural mechanisms is vital for addressing balance and mobility issues.