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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

The Dig Task: A Simple Scent Discrimination Reveals Deficits Following Frontal Brain Damage
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The relationship between olfactory dysfunction and executive function in children with traumatic brain injury.

Kathleen Bakker1,2,3, Cathy Catroppa1,2,4,5, Vicki Anderson1,2,4,5

  • 1a Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|January 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory dysfunction is not a reliable marker for executive function deficits in children with traumatic brain injury. Acute olfactory function did not predict later executive function outcomes in this pediatric TBI cohort.

Keywords:
Traumatic brain injuryanosmiachildexecutive functionolfactory dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a potential marker for executive function (EF) deficits post-adult traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • Limited research exists on the EF-OD relationship in pediatric TBI (pTBI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate EF in children with pTBI.
  • Explore the relationship between OD and EF in pTBI.
  • Determine if olfactory performance predicts later EF in pTBI.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective longitudinal study of 27 children (aged 8-16) with TBI.
  • Olfactory assessment using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test at 0-3, 8, and 18 months post-injury.
  • EF assessment at 8 and 18 months post-injury.

Main Results:

  • No consistent EF impairment pattern observed in the pTBI cohort at 8 months.
  • Children with OD performed significantly worse on a single EF measure (Fluency) at 8 months.
  • Acute olfactory function did not significantly predict EF outcomes at 8 or 18 months.

Conclusions:

  • Limited evidence supports a significant relationship between EF and OD in pTBI.
  • Acute olfactory function is not a strong predictor of later EF in pediatric TBI.
  • Further research is needed due to limited pediatric data and study limitations.