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Related Concept Videos

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators
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Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases in Sensory Processing.

Ichiro N Maruyama1

  • 1Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , Okinawa , Japan.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|January 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, revealing their extensive roles in sensory processing. These findings highlight rGCs as crucial direct sensors and signal relays in invertebrates.

Keywords:
C. elegansbehaviordauer formationgustationolfactionphototransductionthermosensation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cell-surface receptors mediate transmembrane signaling.
  • Receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) are key signaling molecules.
  • Invertebrate models offer unique insights into receptor function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding rGCs in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • To elucidate the roles of rGCs in sensory processing.
  • To discuss the molecular mechanisms of rGC activation.

Main Methods:

  • Genome analysis of C. elegans to identify rGCs.
  • Review of genetic and biochemical studies on rGCs.
  • Integration of structural studies on rGCs from various organisms.

Main Results:

  • C. elegans possesses an unusually large number of rGCs (27) compared to mammals (7).
  • Most C. elegans rGCs are expressed in sensory neurons, involved in gustation, thermosensation, olfaction, and phototransduction.
  • Some rGCs function as direct sensors for ions and temperature, while others relay signals from G protein-coupled receptors; the first obligate heterodimeric rGC was identified.

Conclusions:

  • C. elegans rGCs play diverse and critical roles in sensory perception.
  • The large repertoire of rGCs in C. elegans suggests specialized functions in invertebrate sensory systems.
  • Understanding rGC mechanisms provides insights into transmembrane signaling across species.