Biomimetic Synthesis of Insulin Enabled by Oxime Ligation and Traceless "C-Peptide" Chemical Excision

For decades, insulin has represented a preeminent synthetic target. Recently introduced "biomimetic" strategies based on convertible single-chain precursors require incorporation of a chemical linker or a unique proteolytic site, which limits their practicality. In this approach the A- and B-chains are linked by two sequential oxime ligations followed by disulfide bond formation under redox conditions and linker excision by diketopiperazine (DKP) formation and ester hydrolysis, yielding native two-chain insulin. The method is expected to be applicable to any member of the insulin superfamily.