Non-infectious pulmonary disorders in HIV
Choua Thao1, Andrew F Shorr1,2, Christian Woods2,3,4
1a Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , MedStar Washington Hospital Center , Washington , DC , USA.
Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
|January 28, 2017
Summary
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased non-infectious lung diseases in people with HIV. This review covers chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension in this population.
Area of Science:
- Pulmonology
- Infectious Diseases
- HIV Medicine
Background:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) management, leading to increased longevity.
- Non-infectious pulmonary disorders are now common comorbidities in the HIV-positive population.
- A comprehensive understanding of these conditions is crucial for effective clinical management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of major HIV-related non-infectious pulmonary disorders.
- To highlight the significance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension in individuals with HIV.
- To provide clinicians with essential knowledge for diagnosing and managing these complex pulmonary conditions.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension.
- Synthesis of information regarding epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies.
- Inclusion of expert commentary on the clinical implications and management priorities.
Main Results:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly prevalent in the HIV population, necessitating prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- HIV-positive individuals diagnosed with lung cancer generally face a poorer prognosis, underscoring the need for early detection and intervention.
- Pulmonary hypertension in HIV is a complex condition requiring a high index of clinical suspicion for timely diagnosis.
Conclusions:
- Non-infectious pulmonary disorders represent a significant clinical challenge in the era of ART for individuals with HIV.
- Effective management requires awareness of the specific risks, clinical features, and treatment nuances for HIV-related COPD, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension.
- Early diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies are paramount for improving outcomes in HIV-positive patients with these pulmonary conditions.
Related Concept Videos
01:17Other Pulmonary Disorders
1.8K
Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
1.8K
01:29Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
1.1K
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
1.1K
01:30Pneumonia I: Introduction
1.2K
Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
1.2K
01:31Common Respiratory Disorders
1.7K
Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
1.7K
01:28Pulmonary Tuberculosis II
1.8K
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
1.8K
01:20Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology
5.0K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
5.0K