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Related Concept Videos

Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

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Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Diabetes.

Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis·2021
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Repeated Oral or Subcutaneous LMWH Has similar Antithrombotic Activity in a Rat Venous Thrombosis Model: Antithrombotic Activity Correlates With Heparin on Endothelium When Orally Administered.

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Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
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Proteoglycans and Diabetes.

Linda M Hiebert1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Canada.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|January 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proteoglycan alterations contribute to diabetic complications. Administering glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may help reduce or delay these harmful effects, warranting further investigation into their protective potential.

Keywords:
Diabetesacute coronary syndromeendotheliumheparan sulfate proteoglycansheparanasekidneyreactive oxygen speciesretina

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Proteoglycans are complex molecules with protein cores and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains.
  • GAGs' negative charge facilitates binding to various molecules, influencing numerous biological functions.
  • The specific role of proteoglycans in diabetes is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the significance of proteoglycans in the context of diabetes.
  • To explore how diabetes impacts proteoglycan structure and function.
  • To examine potential therapeutic strategies for mitigating diabetic complications by preventing proteoglycan degradation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on proteoglycans and diabetes.
  • Analysis of proteoglycan alterations in various tissues affected by diabetes.
  • Examination of enzymatic and oxidative stress pathways involved in proteoglycan destruction.

Main Results:

  • Diabetes alters proteoglycans in multiple tissues, including endothelium, kidney, and retina.
  • Hyperglycemia can decrease proteoglycan synthesis or increase their degradation via enzymes or reactive oxygen species.
  • Upregulation of heparanase and subsequent degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans are implicated in diabetic complications like kidney disease and atherosclerosis.

Conclusions:

  • Proteoglycan changes are a contributing factor to diabetic complications.
  • Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) administration shows promise in reducing or delaying diabetes-related complications.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate proteoglycan alterations in diabetes and the therapeutic benefits of GAGs.