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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Adoptive cell therapy: past, present and future.

Jonathan E Cohen1, Sharon Merims1, Stephen Frank1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) harnesses the immune system to fight cancer by expanding and modifying a patient's own immune cells. This review explores ACT's evolution, effectiveness in difficult cases, and future potential in cancer treatment.

Keywords:
adoptive cell therapycancer immunotherapytumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The immune system plays a crucial role in inhibiting tumor growth.
  • Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a promising immunotherapy approach.
  • ACT involves ex vivo expansion and modification of autologous cancer-cognate lymphocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of ACT and its treatment protocols.
  • To highlight unresolved challenges and evidence of ACT's effectiveness.
  • To discuss future directions and the role of ACT alongside checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ACT development and clinical applications.
  • Analysis of treatment protocols and patient outcomes.
  • Exploration of genetic engineering techniques for cell modification.

Main Results:

  • ACT has demonstrated effectiveness, particularly in refractory cancer patients.
  • Evidence supports the curative potential of immune system-based therapies.
  • Ongoing research addresses dilemmas and enhances ACT protocols.

Conclusions:

  • ACT represents a significant advancement in antineoplastic therapy.
  • Genetic engineering holds key to future ACT innovations.
  • ACT is poised to play a vital role in combination with checkpoint inhibitors.