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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:16

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

In 1923, the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases was proposed by Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry. According to this theory, a Brønsted acid is defined as a species that donates a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted to its conjugate base. A Brønsted base is defined as a species that accepts a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted into its conjugate acid. These transfers of protons are caused by the displacement of electrons in these reactions, which is...
Stomach pH Regulation01:21

Stomach pH Regulation

The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
The acid-secreting gastric mucosal epithelial cells (parietal cells) lining the stomach lumen maintain the low pH in the lumen. Numerous ion transporters and channels on these parietal...
Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH01:10

Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH

For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
In solutions of very low ionic strength—for example, pure water—the activity...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

A Receptor on Acid.

Qiuyan Chen1, John J G Tesmer1

  • 1The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Cell
|January 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers revealed the crystal structure of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) bound to the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor. This breakthrough explains LSD

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Structural Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent psychedelic compound known for its profound effects on perception and cognition.
  • Understanding the molecular interactions of LSD with its targets is crucial for elucidating its psychoactive mechanisms.
  • The serotonin 5-HT2B receptor is a key target implicated in the effects of psychedelic drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the high-resolution crystal structure of LSD in complex with the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor.
  • To provide molecular insights into the binding interactions governing LSD's potent and long-lasting hallucinogenic effects.
  • To compare the structural basis of LSD's activity with related psychedelic compounds.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was employed to resolve the three-dimensional structure of the LSD-5-HT2B receptor complex.
  • Structure determination and analysis were performed to identify key binding interactions and conformational changes.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of LSD bound to the 5-HT2B receptor was successfully determined, representing the first structure of a psychedelic drug with its target.
  • Specific molecular interactions between LSD and the receptor were elucidated, highlighting features contributing to its binding affinity.
  • The structure reveals distinct binding modes that may explain LSD's prolonged duration and high potency compared to analogs.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides unprecedented molecular detail on how LSD interacts with the 5-HT2B receptor.
  • The findings offer a structural basis for understanding the unique pharmacological profile of LSD, including its potency and duration.
  • The reported structure serves as a foundation for designing novel psychoactive compounds or therapeutics targeting the 5-HT2B receptor.