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[Review: UPDATE on magnesium metabolism].

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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Internal Medicine
    • Clinical Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Magnesium is a crucial intracellular cation, vital for numerous bodily functions.
    • Low magnesium levels are linked to various conditions, including insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, asthma, osteoporosis, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
    • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a leading cause of hypomagnesemia.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the mechanisms underlying PPI-induced hypomagnesemia.
    • To examine the impact of hypomagnesemia on patients with CKD.
    • To discuss the synergistic effect of PPIs and diuretics on magnesium levels in CKD.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review focusing on hypomagnesemia mechanisms.
    • Analysis of studies investigating the relationship between PPIs, diuretics, and magnesium levels.
    • Examination of the physiological effects of electrolyte disturbances in CKD.

    Main Results:

    • PPIs disrupt magnesium absorption, leading to hypomagnesemia.
    • The concurrent use of diuretics exacerbates PPI-induced hypomagnesemia.
    • Hypomagnesemia can negatively affect renal function, particularly in CKD patients.

    Conclusions:

    • PPIs are a significant cause of hypomagnesemia, with increased risk when combined with diuretics.
    • Hypomagnesemia poses a considerable threat to renal function in CKD patients.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for managing electrolyte balance in patients on PPIs and diuretics, especially those with CKD.