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Nephrons

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...

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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Model for Investigating Kidney Interstitial Fibrosis

Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Model for Investigating Kidney Interstitial Fibrosis

Published on: April 25, 2025

[The Ormond's disease: an intriguing obstructive nephrouropathy].

Rocco Manganelli, Serena Manganelli, Salvatore Iannaccone

Giornale Italiano Di Nefrologia : Organo Ufficiale Della Societa Italiana Di Nefrologia

|January 31, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, or Ormond's disease, causes fibrotic tissue growth, potentially leading to obstructive nephropathy and renal failure. Current understanding links it to IgG4-Related Disease, opening new therapeutic avenues.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Urology
Immunology

Background:

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond's disease) is a rare condition causing fibrotic tissue in the retroperitoneum.
This fibrotic tissue can compress vital structures like ureters and blood vessels, leading to obstructive nephropathy and renal failure.

Observation:

Nephrologists frequently encounter Ormond's disease when diagnosing acute renal failure and obstructive uropathy.
Diagnosis relies on imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI), with biopsy as the gold standard.

Findings:

Therapy focuses on relieving ureteral obstruction and preventing disease progression, often involving ureteral stents and long-term medical treatment.
Ormond's disease is now classified under IgG4-Related Disease, an autoimmune condition, shifting the understanding of its pathogenesis.

Implications:

Classifying Ormond's disease within IgG4-Related Disease offers new insights into its autoimmune basis.
This classification opens doors for novel therapeutic strategies, including the use of biologic agents.