Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Emerging Adulthood01:27

Emerging Adulthood

863
Jeffrey Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood offers a framework to understand the unique developmental stage between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, generally from ages 18 to 25. This period is marked by extensive exploration and shifts in identity, relationships, and career choices, a process known in psychology as role experimentation. Emerging adulthood reflects the evolving cultural expectations surrounding adulthood and the dynamic process of personal transformation during...
863
Three Developmental Domains01:29

Three Developmental Domains

1.3K
Human development is typically examined across three main domains: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. These domains represent the significant areas of change and continuity throughout the lifespan, from infancy to late adulthood.
Physical Development
Physical processes, also known as maturation, encompass the biological changes that occur across an individual's life. These changes begin with genetic inheritance and continue through various stages, including growth in height and weight,...
1.3K
Socioemotional Development during Infancy01:30

Socioemotional Development during Infancy

1.0K
Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
Primary Temperament Types
1.0K
Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal01:26

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal

4.6K
Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development describes the anal stage as occurring between 18 months and three years of age. During this period, children derive pleasure from controlling and releasing their bowel movements. However, they quickly learn that societal expectations impose restrictions on when and where this can happen. This stage marks a critical point where children begin to develop a sense of control and mastery over their bodily functions, as well as their broader...
4.6K
Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game01:24

Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game

262
The development of self in children is deeply rooted in social interactions, mainly through stages of play and structured games. These stages, outlined by sociologist George Herbert Mead, illustrate how children progressively learn to understand and adopt social roles, forming a cohesive sense of self.The Play Stage: Imitation and Simple Role-TakingIn the early years of childhood, the play stage is characterized by imitative behavior, where children engage in role-playing based on familiar...
262
Relationship Growth01:27

Relationship Growth

268
Interpersonal relationships progress through stages, beginning with awareness and moving toward mutuality, where emotional connections deepen. While many relationships remain at moderate levels of mutuality, deeper connections form through self-disclosure, trust, and interdependence.Self-DisclosureSelf-disclosure involves revealing personal information, starting with surface-level details and gradually progressing to more intimate content. As trust grows, individuals feel more comfortable...
268

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Relationship of Environmental Exposure to its Perceived Rewards and Costs.

The Journal of general psychology·2017
Same author

Perceived aggression in sports and its relation to willingness to participate and perceived risk of injury.

Perceptual and motor skills·2007
Same author

Attributions of athletes on collegiate sports teams.

Perceptual and motor skills·2005
Same author

A cross-sport athletic performance rating scale.

Perceptual and motor skills·2004
Same author

Intrinsic-extrinsic factors in sport motivation.

Perceptual and motor skills·2002
Same journal

"I Can't Get Rid of the Bad News…!" Doomscrolling and Subjective Vitality: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Hope.

The Journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

From Emotion Regulation Difficulties to Loneliness Over Time: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Mediation Test of Social Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms.

The Journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

Co-Parenting During Separation and After Divorce: Exploring Relational Aggression Towards the Former Romantic Partner and the Child(ren).

The Journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

Mechanisms of Trait Anxiety's Influence on College Students' Academic Procrastination: The Chain Mediation Role of Self-Control and Short Video Addiction.

The Journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

Is Likeability in the Eye of the Beholder? A Quasi-Experimental Study on Personality, Social Anxiety and the Need for Affiliation in Assessing the Likability of Socially Anxious Adults.

The Journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

Pushing and Pulling: Unraveling the Bidirectional Relationship Between Resilience and Benign and Malicious Envy Among Adolescents.

The Journal of psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
07:20

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Published on: March 8, 2019

14.4K

Developmental Trends in Personal Space.

Darhl M Pedersen1

  • 1a Department of Psychology , Brigham Young University , USA.

The Journal of Psychology
|January 31, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children

More Related Videos

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster
08:04

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: November 5, 2015

13.0K
Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
07:01

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Published on: March 1, 2019

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
07:20

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Published on: March 8, 2019

14.4K
Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster
08:04

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: November 5, 2015

13.0K
Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
07:01

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Published on: March 1, 2019

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Personal space, the proxemic bubble individuals maintain around themselves, is a fundamental aspect of social interaction.
  • Understanding how personal space evolves during childhood is crucial for comprehending social development and intergroup relations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how personal space varies across elementary school grades (1-6) based on the sex and age of the individual and the sex of the stimulus person.
  • To identify developmental trends and sex differences in personal space during childhood.

Main Methods:

  • Personal space scores were collected from 11 males and females in each of six elementary school grades.
  • Participants indicated their personal space toward four stimulus persons: man, woman, boy, and girl.
  • Analysis of variance was employed to examine the effects of sex, grade, and stimulus person.

Main Results:

  • Significant effects were found for sex, grade, sex × grade, and sex × stimulus person.
  • Males consistently maintained larger personal space than females across all grades and stimulus persons.
  • A notable finding was the significantly different personal space of male third graders compared to all other groups.

Conclusions:

  • Sex differences in personal space emerge early and persist through elementary school, with males generally requiring more space.
  • While personal space tends to decrease with age for both sexes, females show a unique increase in sixth grade.
  • Individuals tend to maintain similar personal space with same-sex individuals but reduce it with opposite-sex children.