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First Impressions and Expectancies.

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Initial impressions of strangers, whether good or bad, influence expectations of harm or benefits. Disconfirming these expectations can alter perceived attractiveness, impacting social cognition.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Impression Formation

Background:

  • Initial impressions significantly shape interpersonal judgments.
  • Theories suggest impressions involve dimensions of valence (good/bad) and potency (potent/impotent).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if impressions of 'bad and potent' lead to higher harm expectations than 'good and impotent' impressions.
  • To investigate if expectation disconfirmation affects expressed attractiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Impression formation tasks using a semantic differential instrument.
  • Participants estimated probabilities of receiving benefits (credit) or harm (shock).
  • Two studies involved female and male introductory psychology students.

Main Results:

  • Hypotheses were supported at the P < .05 significance level.
  • 'Bad and potent' impressions led to greater harm expectations and fewer benefit expectations.
  • Disconfirmed expectations resulted in changes in expressed attractiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Minimal initial information can trigger attributions of intentionality (benevolent/malevolent).
  • These attributions lead to differential predictions of a stranger's behavior.
  • Impression valence and potency are key factors in predicting social outcomes.