Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

66.7K
Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
66.7K
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

9.8K
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
9.8K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

1.9K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
1.9K
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

18.1K
Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation,...
18.1K
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

33.6K
Overview
33.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rapid and Efficient Antibody-Drug Conjugate Design Using Mechanistic Bottom-Up Modeling from In Vitro to Human.

Bioconjugate chemistry·2026
Same author

Generation and Characterization of Bispecific VHH-Derived Surrogate Agonists Mimicking the Function of IL-18.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026
Same author

HM-DyadCap - capture and mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine/5-methylcytosine CpG dyads in mammalian DNA.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Antigen-directed single domain antibody-based TNFR1 agonists elicit preferential killing of HER2-overexpressing cancer cells.

iScience·2026
Same author

Targeting highly attenuated IL-18 to PD-1 for enhanced anti-tumor activity.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

A masking clamp for conditional activation of therapeutic antibodies.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity
11:13

A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity

Published on: July 12, 2018

9.3K

Engineering bispecific antibodies with defined chain pairing.

Simon Krah1, Carolin Sellmann1, Laura Rhiel2

  • 1Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.

New Biotechnology
|February 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Bispecific IgG antibodies offer novel therapeutic actions by targeting two epitopes. This review explores strategies for correctly assembling these complex antibodies, focusing on common-chain bispecific designs.

Keywords:
AntibodyBispecific antibodyCommon chain bispecific antibodies in clinical developmentCommon heavy chainCommon light chainEnsuring cognate light chain pairingHeavy chain heterodimerization

More Related Videos

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

8.3K
Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells
10:19

Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity
11:13

A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity

Published on: July 12, 2018

9.3K
Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

8.3K
Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells
10:19

Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

1.7K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Protein Engineering

Background:

  • Bispecific IgG antibodies can bind to two distinct epitopes, enabling unique therapeutic mechanisms beyond conventional monospecific antibodies.
  • The complex four-polypeptide chain structure of bispecific antibodies presents significant challenges in their correct assembly and production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss various strategies for overcoming the challenges in generating bispecific IgG-like antibodies.
  • To focus on methods that ensure correct chain association, particularly for common-chain bispecific antibody formats.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bispecific antibody generation strategies.
  • Analysis of techniques designed to enforce correct polypeptide chain assembly in bispecific IgG formats.
  • Focus on common-chain bispecific antibody engineering approaches.

Main Results:

  • Multiple strategies exist to facilitate the production of bispecific antibodies.
  • Techniques can enforce correct chain association, simplifying the generation of these complex molecules.
  • Common-chain bispecific antibodies represent a promising format due to simplified assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Despite architectural complexity, effective strategies are available for generating bispecific IgG antibodies.
  • Focusing on common-chain designs and assembly-enforcing methods is crucial for advancing bispecific antibody technology.
  • These advancements hold potential for novel therapeutic applications.