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Related Concept Videos

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Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Chromatin dynamics during the cell cycle at centromeres.

Sebastian Müller1,2, Geneviève Almouzni1,2

  • 1Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France.

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Centromeric chromatin dynamics are vital for cell division and chromosome segregation. Understanding these cell cycle changes, including histone variants and RNAs, is key to preventing diseases like neocentromeres.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Centromeric chromatin undergoes significant cell cycle-dependent changes.
  • These dynamic alterations are essential for kinetochore assembly and accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
  • Proper regulation of centromeric chromatin during interphase, particularly S phase, is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the current understanding of mammalian centromeric architecture and its cell cycle dynamics.
  • To summarize the roles of histone variants, chaperones, proteins, post-translational modifications, and RNAs at centromeres.
  • To correlate the expression and deposition timing of centromeric components with the cell cycle stages.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on centromeric chromatin.
  • Analysis of cell cycle-dependent changes in centromeric components.
  • Integration of data on histone variants, proteins, RNAs, and their modifications.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of centromeric architecture linked to satellite repeat sequences.
  • Elucidation of the dynamic contributions of various components throughout the cell cycle.
  • Identification of the temporal relationship between component expression/deposition and cell cycle progression.

Conclusions:

  • Proper cell cycle orchestration of centromeric chromatin is crucial for genomic stability.
  • Dysregulation of these processes can lead to neocentromere formation.
  • Understanding centromeric dynamics offers insights into diseases associated with neocentromeres.