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Related Experiment Videos

How much soil do young children ingest: an epidemiologic study.

E J Calabrese1, R Barnes, E J Stanek

  • 1Division of Public Health, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP
|October 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

This study refined soil ingestion measurement in young children using an enhanced tracer methodology. Considering food intake significantly reduced soil ingestion estimates, highlighting the importance of a mass-balance approach.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Pediatric Toxicology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Soil ingestion is a significant exposure route for children, but accurate quantification remains challenging.
  • Previous soil tracer methodologies have limitations in accounting for dietary intake.
  • Understanding soil ingestion is crucial for assessing children's exposure to environmental contaminants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate an enhanced soil tracer methodology for quantifying soil ingestion in children aged 1-4 years.
  • To incorporate a mass-balance approach considering food and medicine intake.
  • To validate the methodology using adult volunteers and compare results with previous studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a modified soil tracer methodology with eight tracer elements over an 8-day observation period.

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  • Employed a mass-balance approach to account for ingestion from food and medicine.
  • Conducted a validation study with adult volunteers ingesting known soil amounts.

    • Main Results:

    • The adult validation study confirmed the tracer methodology's reliability.
    • Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), and Yttrium (Y) were identified as the most stable and reliable tracers.
    • Median soil ingestion estimates, considering food, ranged from 9 mg/day (Y) to 96 mg/day (V), with Al, Si, and Y between 9-40 mg/day.
    • One child exhibited soil ingestion of 5-8 g/day.
    • Excluding food intake inflated soil ingestion estimates two- to sixfold.
    • Distinguishing between soil and dust ingestion was not feasible with the current tracer levels.

    Conclusions:

    • The enhanced tracer methodology, incorporating a mass-balance approach, provides more accurate estimates of soil ingestion in children.
    • Al, Si, and Y are recommended tracers for future soil ingestion studies.
    • Accounting for dietary intake is critical for reducing overestimation of soil ingestion, particularly with tracers like Titanium (Ti) and Yttrium (Y).
    • Findings align with and refine previous soil ingestion estimates by addressing dietary confounding factors.