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Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

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Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...
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Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

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Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
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Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

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Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
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RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem
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Amitraz, an underrecognized poison: A systematic review.

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Amitraz poisoning is often misdiagnosed but this review highlights its epidemiology, clinical features, and management. Prompt recognition and supportive care lead to a good prognosis for amitraz intoxication.

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Amitraz, a formamidine pesticide, is frequently underrecognized and misdiagnosed as organophosphate poisoning.
  • Poisoning incidents involving amitraz occur despite its widespread availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the epidemiology, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of amitraz poisoning.
  • To provide comprehensive information on amitraz toxicity for improved clinical recognition and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of Medline and Embase databases (inception to January 2014).
  • Inclusion of case reports, case series, and original articles on human amitraz poisoning.
  • Exclusion of non-English articles, abstracts, and studies lacking sufficient clinical data.

Main Results:

  • 32 studies involving 310 human cases of amitraz poisoning were analyzed.
  • Common clinical features include altered sensorium, miosis, hyperglycemia, bradycardia, vomiting, respiratory failure, hypotension, and hypothermia.
  • The case fatality rate was 1.9%, with a good prognosis under supportive management; 20% required mechanical ventilation.

Conclusions:

  • Amitraz is a significant cause of accidental and suicidal poisoning in both adults and children.
  • Supportive management is effective, leading to a favorable prognosis in most amitraz poisoning cases.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of decontamination methods like gastric lavage and activated charcoal.