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Related Concept Videos

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
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Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that significantly impact cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation. Among these, the positive symptoms stand out as they involve the addition or exaggeration of normal mental functions, deviating markedly from typical behavior and perception. Hallucinations and delusions are prominent positive symptoms, each profoundly affecting the individual's experience of reality.
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Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those...
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Experimental evidence for circular inference in schizophrenia.

Renaud Jardri1,2, Sandrine Duverne1, Alexandra S Litvinova3

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Schizophrenia patients exhibit circular inference, where sensory data is corrupted by prior beliefs. This cognitive bias, stronger in schizophrenia, may explain the disorder's varied symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Computational Psychiatry

Background:

  • Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
  • Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying SCZ is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of circular inference in schizophrenia.
  • To model individual differences in response confidence in SCZ patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A forced-choice task was used, manipulating sensory evidence and prior information strength.
  • Participants (SCZ patients and healthy controls) reported their confidence levels.
  • Computational modeling, specifically circular inference models, was applied to analyze response patterns.

Main Results:

  • Neither SCZ patients nor controls' responses were explained by simple Bayesian inference.
  • Individual responses were best captured by models incorporating varying degrees of circular inference.
  • Ascending loops (expecting what is seen) were stronger in SCZ and correlated with positive symptoms.
  • Descending loops (seeing what is expected) correlated with negative symptoms.
  • Both ascending and descending loops correlated with disorganized symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Circular inference, a corruption of sensory data by prior information and vice versa, may mediate clinical manifestations in schizophrenia.
  • The distinct patterns of ascending and descending loops suggest differential roles in SCZ symptom clusters.
  • These findings offer a novel computational framework for understanding schizophrenia.