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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

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Formative pluripotency: the executive phase in a developmental continuum.

Austin Smith1

  • 1Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK austin.smith@cscr.cam.ac.uk.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|February 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Pluripotency, the ability of cells to form all lineages, may involve a third phase. Formative pluripotency bridges naïve and primed states, enabling cell development and responsiveness to cues.

Keywords:
Developmental potentialEmbryonic stem cellsEpiblastLineage specificationPluripotency

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Pluripotency allows single cells to generate all embryonic lineages.
  • In vitro studies suggest pluripotency is unstable, but in vivo it's an orderly process.
  • Naïve and primed pluripotency phases are established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a third phase of pluripotency, formative pluripotency.
  • To position formative pluripotency within a developmental continuum.
  • To describe the characteristics and role of formative pluripotency.

Main Methods:

  • Hypothesis-driven conceptualization.
  • Review of existing literature on pluripotency.
  • Analysis of gene expression, epigenetics, signaling, and metabolism in pluripotent cells.

Main Results:

  • A new phase, formative pluripotency, is proposed.
  • This phase exists between naïve and primed pluripotency.
  • Formative pluripotency involves network remodeling for multi-lineage competence.

Conclusions:

  • Formative pluripotency is a critical, transitional state.
  • It facilitates the execution of pluripotency and lineage specification.
  • Understanding this phase offers new insights into early development.