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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia
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Epidemiology of Transient Ischemic Attacks Using Time- or Tissue-Based Definitions: A Population-Based Study.

Diana Degan1, Raffaele Ornello1, Cindy Tiseo1

  • 1From the Institute of Neurology, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Italy.

Stroke
|February 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study found a low incidence of transient ischemic attack (TIA) in Italy, with good prognosis indicating effective cardiovascular disease prevention. The tissue-based TIA definition was not suitable for this population.

Keywords:
cerebrovascular diseaseepidemiologyincidencestroketransient ischemic attack

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) epidemiology may be evolving due to advancements in vascular risk factor management.
  • Updated epidemiological data on TIA in Italy is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide current information on TIA epidemiology in Italy.
  • To assess TIA incidence and prognosis in a defined Italian population.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, population-based registry of first-ever TIA cases in the L'Aquila district from 2011-2012.
  • Inclusion of all residents with incident TIA, followed for up to 2 years.
  • Ascertainment of outcomes including recurrent TIA, stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality.

Main Results:

  • The crude annual incidence rate for traditional time-based TIA was 35.2 per 100,000 population.
  • Standardized incidence was 28.6 per 100,000, peaking in individuals aged 85 years and older.
  • At 2 years, 23.8% of patients experienced outcome events, including 7.1% with stroke.

Conclusions:

  • A low annual TIA incidence rate and favorable prognosis were observed, supporting the efficacy of cardiovascular preventive strategies.
  • The study demonstrated that the tissue-based definition of TIA is not applicable in this specific district.