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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

49.3K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
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The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

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Development and Organization of the Evolutionarily Conserved Three-Layered Olfactory Cortex.

Esther Klingler1

  • 1Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva , 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

Eneuro
|February 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The olfactory cortex, a paleocortex involved in odor processing, remains poorly understood regarding its development and cell diversity compared to the neocortex. This review compares these areas to explore evolutionary insights into cortical development.

Keywords:
cell identitycortical layersmigrationneocortexneurogenesisolfactory cortex

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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The olfactory cortex, a paleocortex, processes odors and shares traits with reptilian cortex.
  • It's considered a model for sensory processing but lacks detailed understanding of cell origin and diversity.
  • Unlike the well-studied neocortex, olfactory cortex development and cellular makeup are poorly documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on olfactory cortex development and organization.
  • To compare the olfactory cortex with the neocortex to understand conserved and divergent features.
  • To open evolutionary perspectives on cortical development by drawing analogies between olfactory and neocortex.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on olfactory cortex and neocortex.
  • Comparative analysis of developmental and organizational principles.
  • Synthesis of information to highlight knowledge gaps and evolutionary connections.

Main Results:

  • The olfactory cortex, though evolutionarily conserved, exhibits less understood cellular diversity and developmental pathways compared to the neocortex.
  • Analogies between the two cortices can illuminate fundamental aspects of cortical patterning and evolution.
  • Significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the precise cell origin, diversity, and identity within the olfactory cortex.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding olfactory cortex development and diversity is crucial for a comprehensive view of mammalian cortical evolution.
  • Comparative studies with the neocortex provide valuable insights into conserved and unique aspects of brain development.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the olfactory cortex's cellular landscape and developmental trajectory.