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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Pain01:20

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors
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Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors

Published on: September 27, 2019

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Infection, Pain, and Itch.

Isaac M Chiu1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. isaac_chiu@hms.harvard.edu.

Neuroscience Bulletin
|February 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Pathogens can directly trigger pain and itch by activating sensory neurons. Understanding these host-microbe interactions is crucial for neurobiology and infection research.

Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Infections commonly cause pain and itch.
  • Sensory neurons can detect pathogens directly.
  • Pathogen interactions with neurons influence infection outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how pathogens modulate pain and itch sensations.
  • To understand the role of sensory neurons in host-pathogen interactions.
  • To investigate neuronal detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on sensory neurobiology and host-microbe interactions.
  • Analysis of neuronal responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • Examination of pathogen-induced analgesia and its mechanisms.
Keywords:
BacteriaInfectionInflammationItchPainPathogensViruses

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Main Results:

  • Sensory neurons, including nociceptors and pruriceptors, detect pathogens via PAMPs like Toll-like receptor ligands and bacterial toxins.
  • Some pathogens induce analgesia by silencing neuronal activity.
  • Neuronal modulation of immunity and behavior are consequences of pathogen-induced pain and itch.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogen-modulated pain and itch are key aspects of host-microbe interactions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for sensory neurobiology.
  • This knowledge has implications for treating infections and managing symptoms.