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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

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Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
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Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis
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Nail Patella Syndrome.

V K Jain, U S Pahwa, Anil Dashore

    Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    |February 2, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Nail-patella syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting nails, kneecaps, and pelvis. This case highlights typical symptoms in a young male, consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance.

    Area of Science:

    • Genetics
    • Orthopedics
    • Dermatology

    Background:

    • Nail-patella syndrome (NPS) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder.
    • It is characterized by abnormalities of the nails, patellae, and elbows, and may involve other skeletal structures.
    • Genetic mutations in the EP300 gene are associated with NPS.

    Observation:

    • A 14-year-old male presented with nail deformities, including deficient nails and V-shaped lunulae.
    • Radiographic examination revealed a rudimentary right patella and absent left patella.
    • Pelvic X-rays demonstrated the presence of iliac horns.

    Findings:

    • The patient's clinical presentation, including nail dystrophy, patellar anomalies, and iliac horns, is consistent with Nail-patella syndrome.
    • The family history strongly suggests an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance for the condition.

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    Implications:

    • Early diagnosis and genetic counseling are crucial for managing Nail-patella syndrome.
    • Understanding the genetic basis and phenotypic variability of NPS aids in patient care and research.
    • Further research into the molecular mechanisms of NPS can lead to targeted therapies.