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Plasmids

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...

Genome Copying Errors

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: May 2, 2018

[Plagiarism. A fools' errand.]

Tom Jefferson¹, Luca De Fiore²

¹Honorary Research Fellow, Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Oxford.

Recenti Progressi in Medicina

|February 3, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Research misconduct, including plagiarism by a peer reviewer, highlights systemic flaws in scientific publishing. This case underscores the urgent need for greater transparency and ethical reforms in academic research to restore credibility.

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Area of Science:

Scientific Publishing Ethics
Research Integrity

Background:

A case of plagiarism involving a peer reviewer for Annals of Internal Medicine exposed significant ethical breaches.
The peer reviewer, after rejecting a manuscript, submitted a plagiarized version, leading to its retraction.

Discussion:

The incident reveals systemic weaknesses in the current editorial peer review process, which is struggling to maintain credibility.
Commercial interests, reporting bias, and secrecy contribute to a 'broken' research system that undermines evidence-based medicine.

Key Insights:

Plagiarism and research misconduct can occur despite existing peer review mechanisms.
The current system fails to adequately address ethical violations, as seen by the lack of institutional response.

Outlook:

Urgent reforms are needed, including complete lawful transparency, independent evidence generation for public reimbursement, and mandatory research ethics education.
Stricter accountability, such as publishers disclosing income sources and custodial sentences for misconduct, is essential.
Researchers should prioritize plausible and replicable studies to uphold scientific standards.