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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

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The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail...
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Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps

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To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
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Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

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Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated....
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
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A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

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Dose considerations for alcohol-based hand rubs.

M A C Wilkinson1, K Ormandy2, C R Bradley1

  • 1Hospital Infection Research Laboratory, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.

The Journal of Hospital Infection
|February 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Users often use less alcohol-based hand rub than recommended, impacting efficacy. Optimal user acceptability for hand rubs occurs with volumes between 1.5 and 2 mL, with drying times of 20-30 seconds.

Keywords:
Alcohol-based hand rubsEN 1500Hand hygieneUser acceptability

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Area of Science:

  • Infection Control
  • Public Health
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Standard protocols like EN 1500 determine alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) dosages.
  • Real-world use suggests users often self-titrate to lower ABHR volumes than recommended.
  • This discrepancy may affect product efficacy and user experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between ABHR volume, in-vivo efficacy (EN 1500), drying time, and user acceptability.
  • To assess how varying ABHR volumes influence user perceptions and practical application.
  • To determine optimal ABHR volumes for clinical effectiveness and user satisfaction.

Main Methods:

  • Three ABHR formulations were tested using the EN 1500 standard and a modified protocol.
  • The modified method involved ABHR volumes from 0.5 to 3.0 mL with a 30-second application time.
  • Drying times were recorded and analyzed in relation to hand surface area; user acceptability was rated on a three-point scale.

Main Results:

  • ABHR drying time increased with applied volume for all formulations.
  • Drying time showed a positive correlation with volume and a negative correlation with hand surface area.
  • Optimal user acceptability was observed for volumes between 1.5 and 2 mL, resulting in drying times of 20-30 seconds.

Conclusions:

  • The EN 1500 standard effectively establishes ABHR formulation efficacy against a benchmark.
  • However, EN 1500 does not accurately represent real-world usage conditions or clinical effectiveness.
  • The standard fails to account for optimizing ABHR application volume and user acceptability.