Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

158.7K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
158.7K
Translation01:31

Translation

21.1K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
21.1K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

3.7K
3.7K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.3K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.3K
Transduction01:16

Transduction

2.2K
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
2.2K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.8K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Therapeutic rescue of pathogenic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase alleles.

Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids·2026
Same author

Mistranslation from an endogenous tRNA variant in human pan-genome cell lines.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Covalent Ligand Electrophiles Are Differentially Activated by Proximity Effects Which Govern Latent Protein Reactivity.

ACS central science·2025
Same author

High-fidelity and differential nonsense suppression in live cells and a frontotemporal dementia allele with human transfer RNAs.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

The IUBMB Focused Meeting on Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases 2023.

IUBMB life·2025
Same author

Natural human tRNA<sup>Ala</sup> anticodon variants mistranslate the genetic code.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same journal

Retraction notice to "S-allyl cysteine in combination with clotrimazole downregulates Fas induced apoptotic events in erythrocytes of mice exposed to lead" [Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1820 (2012) 9-23].

Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects·2026
Same journal

Retraction notice to "Regulatory role of nitric oxide in the reduced survival of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis" [Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1800 (2010) 964-976].

Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects·2026
Same journal

GALNT6 localization is associated with gland-forming architecture and morphological differentiation in luminal A breast cancer.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects·2026
Same journal

SF3B3-dependent inclusion of STOX1 exon 3 facilitates invasion and tumor progression in colorectal cancer.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects·2026
Same journal

Retraction notice to "Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of a mononuclear Fe(II) Schiff base complex with photocatalytic activity in Trigonella" [Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1864 (2020) 129503].

Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects·2026
Same journal

Thermodynamic distinction between hydrophobic anesthetic association and site-specific fatty acid binding in serum albumin.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

9.7K

Mistranslation: from adaptations to applications.

Kyle S Hoffman1, Patrick O'Donoghue2, Christopher J Brandl1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. General Subjects
|February 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The genetic code is not static and continues to evolve. Mistranslation, or errors in protein synthesis, can increase proteomic diversity, aiding cell survival and adaptation.

Keywords:
Adaptive responseEvolutionGenetic codeMistranslationTransfer RNATranslation

More Related Videos

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins
05:08

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

9.7K
Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins
05:08

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • The genetic code's conservation suggests a single origin, but its interpretation evolves under selective pressures.
  • Variations in transfer RNA (tRNA) sequences can alter codon assignments, potentially leading to translation errors and code changes.
  • The 'frozen accident' hypothesis posits that genetic code changes reduce fitness, yet studies show mistranslation can be adaptive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary basis of altered genetic codes.
  • To discuss methods for identifying mistranslation and exploiting genetic code deviations.
  • To highlight innovations in synthetic biology for expanding the genetic code.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on genetic code evolution and mistranslation.
  • Analysis of genome and metagenome sequences to identify genetic code variants.
  • Examination of suppressor genetics and biochemical characterization studies.
  • Exploration of synthetic biology approaches.

Main Results:

  • The genetic code remains a dynamic entity, subject to ongoing evolution.
  • Mistranslation enhances proteomic diversity, enabling cellular adaptation to stress and suppression of harmful alleles.
  • Genetic code variants are detectable through various genomic and biochemical analyses.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding translation mechanisms and genetic code deviations facilitates the design of novel protein-coding systems.
  • Engineering translation machinery and expanding the genetic code with non-canonical amino acids are powerful synthetic biology tools.
  • These advancements have significant implications for biomedical research.