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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

1.7K
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
1.7K
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

7.0K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Optimizing Photoneuromodulation Techniques to Evaluate the Role of Green Light-Emitting Diodes in Pain Management
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Multiply repeatable and adjustable on-demand phototriggered local anesthesia.

Alina Y Rwei1, Changyou Zhan2, Bruce Wang2

  • 1Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|February 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel phototriggerable local anesthesia system enhanced with dexmedetomidine. This innovation allows for repeated, on-demand pain control with reduced light intensity, improving safety and efficacy for patients.

Keywords:
LiposomeNear-infraredPhotosensitizerTetrodotoxin

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pain Management
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Phototriggerable systems offer non-invasive control of local anesthesia but face limitations due to phototoxicity and poor light penetration.
  • Current systems require high light intensity, posing risks and limiting clinical applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a more sensitive and effective phototriggerable local anesthesia system.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing phototriggerable systems by enhancing light sensitivity and tissue penetration.

Main Methods:

  • Co-delivery of a local anesthetic with dexmedetomidine, a potentiating agent.
  • Utilizing light sources such as lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to trigger drug release.
  • Investigating the number of triggerable nerve blocks and the required light irradiance.

Main Results:

  • Concurrent release of dexmedetomidine significantly enhanced local anesthetic efficacy.
  • Achieved up to nine triggerable nerve blocks from a single injection.
  • Reduced the required light irradiance by 94%, increasing system sensitivity.
  • Demonstrated adjustable intensity and duration of analgesia via light control.

Conclusions:

  • The co-delivery of dexmedetomidine with local anesthetics represents a significant advancement in phototriggerable pain management.
  • This enhanced system offers safer, more effective, and on-demand analgesia with potential for wider clinical adoption.
  • The use of LEDs offers a more accessible, safer, and portable alternative for triggering the system.