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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...
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Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

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The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Challenges in Determining Intrinsic Viscosity Under Low Ionic Strength Solution Conditions.

Mariya A Pindrus1, Steven J Shire2, Sandeep Yadav2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, U-3092, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA. mariya.pindrus@gmail.com.

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|February 4, 2017
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Summary

Intrinsic viscosity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is reliably measured at 15 mM ionic strength. However, measurements near zero ionic strength can yield erroneously high values, requiring careful data analysis for accuracy.

Keywords:
electroviscous effectintrinsic viscositysingle-point approachviscosity prediction

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Protein Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Intrinsic viscosity is a key parameter for characterizing protein behavior in solution.
  • Understanding solution conditions like pH and ionic strength is crucial for accurate viscosity measurements.
  • Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important biopharmaceuticals whose physical properties impact formulation and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the intrinsic viscosity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
  • To investigate the impact of varying pH and ionic strength on mAb intrinsic viscosity.
  • To assess the reliability of viscosity measurement techniques under different solution conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an online viscosity detector coupled with HPLC (Viscotek®) for intrinsic viscosity determination.
  • Employed the Ross and Minton equation for viscosity prediction at high protein concentrations.
  • Measured bulk viscosity using a Cambridge viscometer.

Main Results:

  • At 15 mM ionic strength, intrinsic viscosity of mAbs ranged from 5.6 to 6.4 mL/g, varying with pH.
  • High ionic strength did not significantly affect intrinsic viscosity.
  • A significant increase in intrinsic viscosity (up to 24.0 mL/g) was observed near zero mM ionic strength, indicating limitations of the single-point technique.

Conclusions:

  • Intrinsic viscosity is valuable for modeling baseline viscosity but not predictive of solution non-ideality at higher concentrations.
  • Experimental techniques face limitations near zero mM ionic strength due to breakdown of assumptions.
  • The single-point approach yields reliable intrinsic viscosity results at 15 mM, but requires caution and data analysis near zero mM ionic strength.